Common Era, abbreviated as CE, is one of the designations for the world's most commonly used year-numbering system.[1][2] The numbering of years using Common Era notation is identical to the numbering used with Anno Domini Anno Domini and Before Christ (abbreviated as BC or B.C.) are designations used to label years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The calendar era to which they refer is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus, with AD denoting years after the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start of (BC/AD) notation, 2010 being the current year in both notations and neither using a year zero "Year zero" does not exist in the widely used Gregorian calendar or in its predecessor, the Julian calendar. Under those systems, the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1. However, there is a year zero in astronomical year numbering and in ISO 8601:2004 (where it coincides with the Gregorian year 1 BC) as well as in all Buddhist and Hindu.[3] Common Era is also known as Christian Era[4] and Current Era,[5] with all three expressions abbreviated as CE.[6] (Christian Era is, however, also abbreviated AD, for Anno Domini.[7]) Dates before the year 1 CE are indicated by the usage of BCE, short for "Before the Common Era", "Before the Christian Era", or "Before the Current Era".[8] Both the BCE/CE and BC/AD notations are based on a sixth-century estimate for the year in which Jesus Jesus of Nazareth , also known as Jesus Christ or simply Jesus, is the central figure of Christianity, which views him as the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God (in the concept of the Trinity, he is God [as] the Son), who came to provide humankind with salvation and reconciliation with God by his was conceived or born, with the common era designation originating among Christians in Europe at least as early as 1615 (at first in Latin Latin or sometimes Roman is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Although often considered a dead language, in view of the fact that it has no native, fluent speakers, Latin continues to be taught in schools and has been, and currently is, used in the process of new word production in modern languages from many).[9]
The Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter gravissimas. The reformed calendar was adopted later that year by a handful of countries, with other countries, and the year-numbering system associated with it, is the calendar system with most widespread usage in the world today. For decades, it has been the de facto global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations The United Nations Organization or simply United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and the achieving of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of and the Universal Postal Union The Universal Postal Union is an international organization that coordinates postal policies among member nations, and hence the worldwide postal system. Each member country agrees to the same set of terms for conducting international postal duties. The Universal Postal Union's headquarters are located in Berne, Switzerland. There are many names in many languages used to designate this year-numbering system that originated in Western Europe. Common Era notation has been adopted in several non-Christian cultures and by many scholars in religious studies and other academic fields[10] [11] wishing to be sensitive to non-Christians,[12] because Common Era does not explicitly make use of religious titles for Jesus, such as Christ and Lord, which are used in the BC/AD notation.[10][13][14][15] Some who oppose Common Era notation claim it is the result of secularization Secularisation is the transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward non-religious values and secular institutions. Secularisation thesis refers to the belief that as societies "progress", particularly through modernization and rationalization, religion loses its authority in all, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism Religious pluralism, to paraphrase the title of a recent academic work, goes beyond mere toleration. Chris Beneke, in Beyond Toleration: The Religious Origins of American Pluralism, explains the difference between religious tolerance and religious pluralism by pointing to the situation in the late 18th century United States. By the 1730s, in most, and political correctness Political correctness is a term which denotes language, ideas, policies, and behavior seen as seeking to minimize social and institutional offense in occupational, gender, racial, cultural, sexual orientation, disability, and age-related contexts. In current usage, the term is primarily pejorative, while the term politically incorrect has been.[16][17][18][19] Others suggest it does not go far enough—because it does not remove the birth of Jesus as the era marker, and still focuses on an event in Western civilization.[citation needed]
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Origins
See also: Anno Domini Anno Domini and Before Christ (abbreviated as BC or B.C.) are designations used to label years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The calendar era to which they refer is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception or birth of Jesus, with AD denoting years after the start of this epoch, and BC denoting years before the start ofThe year numbering system used with Common Era notation was devised by the monk Dionysius Exiguus Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470 – c. 544) was a sixth century monk born in Scythia Minor, modern Dobruja, Romania (a small portion is in Bulgaria). He was a member of the Scythian monks community concentrated in Tomis, the major city of Scythia Minor in the year 525 to replace the Diocletian Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus , born Diocles (Greek: Διοκλῆς) and commonly known as Diocletian (pronounced /ˌdaɪ.ɵˈkliːʃən/), was Roman Emperor from 20 November 284 to 1 May 305. Born to an Illyrian family of low status in the Roman province of Dalmatia, he rose through the ranks of the military to become cavalry commander to years, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.[20] He attempted to number years from an event he referred to as the Incarnation The Incarnation is the belief in Christianity that the second person in the Christian Godhead, also known as the Son or the Logos , "became flesh" when he was miraculously conceived in the womb of the Virgin Mary. The word Incarnate derives from Latin (in=in or into, caro, carnis=flesh) meaning "to make into flesh" or "to of Jesus Jesus of Nazareth , also known as Jesus Christ or simply Jesus, is the central figure of Christianity, which views him as the Messiah foretold in the Old Testament. Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God (in the concept of the Trinity, he is God [as] the Son), who came to provide humankind with salvation and reconciliation with God by his,[20] although scholars today generally agree that he miscalculated by a small number of years.[21][22] Dionysius labeled the column of the Easter table in which he introduced the new era "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi"[23] Numbering years in this manner became more widespread with its usage by Bede Bede , also referred to as Saint Bede or the Venerable Bede (Latin: Beda Venerabilis), was a monk at the Northumbrian monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth, today part of Sunderland, England, and of its companion monastery, Saint Paul's, in modern Jarrow (see Wearmouth-Jarrow), both in the Kingdom of Northumbria in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before the supposed year of birth[24] of Jesus, and the practice of not using a year zero Zero, written 0, is both a number and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. It plays a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems. In the English language, 0 may be called zero, oh,.[25] In 1422, Portugal Portugal /ˈpɔɹtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, Mirandese: Pertual), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa; Mirandese: República Pertuesa), is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and became the last Western European Western Europe is a loose term for the collection of countries in the westernmost region of Europe, though this definition is context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a cultural entity—the region lying west of Central Europe. Another definition was created during the Cold War country to switch to The Spanish era, Hispanic era or Caesar era refers to the dating system used in Hispania until the 14th century, when the Anno Domini system was adopted. It began with year one in what is 38 BC, probably the date of a new tax imposed by the Roman Republic on the subdued population of Iberia. Whatever the case, the date signifies the beginning of the system begun by Dionysius.[26]
The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar[27] Era" (from the Latin word vulgus, the common people, i.e. those who are not royalty), to distinguish it from the regnal dating The oldest dating systems were in regnal years, and considered the date as an ordinal, not a cardinal number. For example, a monarch could have a first year of rule, a second year of rule, a third, and so on, but a zero year of rule would be nonsense. Applying this ancient epoch system to modern calculations of time, which include zero, is what systems typically used in national law. The first use of the Latin equivalent (vulgaris aerae)[28] discovered so far was in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler Johannes Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution. He is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers, based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy. They also provided one of the.[9] Kepler uses it again in a 1616 table of ephemerides An ephemeris is a table of values that gives the positions of astronomical objects in the sky at a given time or times. Different kinds of ephemerides are used for astronomy and astrology. Even though this was also one of the first applications of mechanical computers, an ephemeris will still often be a simple printed table,[29] and again in 1617.[30] A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English - so far, the earliest-found usage of Vulgar Era in English.[31] A 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6".[32] A 1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, "before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."[33][34] A 1796 book uses the term "vulgar era of the nativity".[35]
The first so-far-discovered usage of "Christian Era" is as the Latin phrase aerae christianae on the title page of a 1584 theology book.[36] In 1649, the Latin phrase æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac.[37] A 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of "Christian Era".[38]
The English phrase "common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,[39] and in a 1715 book on astronomy is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".[40] A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews.[41] The first-so-far found usage of the phrase "before the common era" is in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.[42] The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., a privately held company. Articles are aimed at educated adults, and written by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 expert contributors. It is regarded as the most scholarly of encyclopaedias uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously.[43] In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell Alexander Campbell was an early leader in the Second Great Awakening of the religious movement that has been referred to as the Restoration, or Stone-Campbell Movement. The Campbell wing of the movement began with the publication in Washington County, Pennsylvania, of The Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington in 1809,, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",[44] and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era..."[45] The Catholic Encyclopedia uses the sentence: "Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living."[26] During the 19th century, "Vulgar Era" came to be contrasted with "Christian Era", and "vulgar" came to mean "crudely indecent", thus no longer a synonym for "common".
The phrase "common era", in lower case Lower case , minuscule, or small letters are the smaller form of letters, as opposed to upper case or capital letters, as used in European alphabets (Greek, Latin, Cyrillic, and Armenian). For example, the letter "a" is lower case while the letter "A" is upper case, also appeared in the 19th century in a generic sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era of the Jews",[46][47] "the common era of the Mahometans",[48] "common era of the world",[49] "the common era of the foundation of Rome".[50] When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",[51] "common era of the Nativity",[52] or "common era of the birth of Christ".[53]
Some Jewish academics were already using the CE and BCE abbreviations by the mid-19th century, such as in 1856, when Rabbi and historian, Morris Jacob Raphall Morris Jacob Raphall was a rabbi and author born at Stockholm, Sweden. At the age of nine he was taken by his father, who was banker to the King of Sweden, to Copenhagen, where he was educated at the Hebrew grammar-school. Later he went to England, where he devoted himself to the study of languages, for the better acquisition of which he used the abbreviation in his book, Post-Biblical History of The Jews.[54] As early as 1825, a different abbreviation, VE, had already been in use among Jews to denote years on the Western calendar.[55]
Era Vulgaris
An adapted translation of Common Era into Latin as Era Vulgaris was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley Aleister Crowley , born Edward Alexander Crowley, and also known as both Frater Perdurabo and The Great Beast, was an influential English occultist, mystic and ceremonial magician, responsible for founding the religious philosophy of Thelema. He was a member of the esoteric Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, as well as a co-founder of the A∴A∴, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.[56]
Usage
The terms "Common Era", "Anno Domini", "Before the Common Era" and "Before Christ" can be applied to dates that rely on either the Julian calendar The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus. It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 or the Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter gravissimas. The reformed calendar was adopted later that year by a handful of countries, with other countries. Modern dates are understood in the Western world The Western world, also known as the West and the Occident , is a term that can have multiple meanings depending on its context (e.g., the time period, the region or social situation). Accordingly, the basic definition of what constitutes "the West" varies, expanding and contracting over time, in relation to various historical to be in the Gregorian calendar, but for older dates writers should specify the calendar used. Dates in the Gregorian calendar in the Western world have always used the era designated in English as Anno Domini or Common Era, but over the millennia a wide variety of eras have been used with the Julian calendar.
Although Jews have their own Hebrew calendar The Hebrew calendar or Jewish calendar is a lunisolar calendar used by Jews. Today, the calendar is used predominantly for Jewish religious observances. It is used to determine the dates for Jewish holidays, and also to determine appropriate public reading of Torah portions, yahrzeits (dates to commemorate the death of a relative), and daily Psalm, they often find it necessary to use the Gregorian Calendar as well. The reasons for some using Common Era notation are described below:
Jews do not generally use the words "A.D." and "B.C." to refer to the years on the Gregorian calendar. "A.D." means "the year of our L-rd In Judaism, the name of God is more than a distinguishing title. It represents the Jewish conception of the divine nature, and of the relation of God to the Jewish people. To show the sacredness of the names of God, and as a means of showing respect and reverence for them, the scribes of sacred texts took pause before copying them, and used terms," and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the abbreviations C.E. (Common or Christian Era) and B.C.E. (Before the Common Era).[57]
Indeed, Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for "more than a century".[58]
Some American academics in the fields of education Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another and history History is the study of the human past. Scholars who write about history are called historians. It is a field of research which uses a narrative to examine and analyse the sequence of events, and it sometimes attempts to investigate objectively the patterns of cause and effect that determine events. Historians debate the nature of history and its have adopted CE and BCE notation, although there is some disagreement.[59] The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, which is the leading publishing body of the Jehovah's Witnesses Jehovah's Witnesses is a millenarian restorationist Christian denomination with nontrinitarian beliefs distinct from mainstream Christianity. The religion reports worldwide membership of over 7 million adherents involved in evangelism; they report convention attendance of over 12 million, and annual Memorial attendance of over 18 million. They are, has been using CE and BCE exclusively in its publications (except in quotes) since The Watchtower of 15 April 1964.[60][61] More visible uses of Common Era notation have recently surfaced at major museums in the English-speaking world: The Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution is an educational and research institute and associated museum complex, administered and funded by the government of the United States and by funds from its endowment, contributions, and profits from its retail operations, concessions, licensing activities and magazines. Most of its facilities are located in Washington, prefers Common Era usage, though individual museums are not required to use it.[62] Furthermore, several style guides now prefer or mandate its usage.[63] Even some style guides for Christian churches prefer its use: for example, the Episcopal Diocese Maryland Church News.[64]
In the United States, the usage of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks A textbook or coursebook is a manual of instruction in any branch of study. Textbooks are produced according to the demands of educational institutions. Although most textbooks are only published in printed format, many are now available as online electronic books and increasingly in scanned format in P2P networks is growing.[58] Some publications have moved over to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch over to the BCE/CE usage, ending a 138-year usage of the traditional BC/AD dating notation. It is used by the College Board The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association in the United States that was formed in 1900 as the College Entrance Examination Board . It is composed of more than 5,700 schools, colleges, universities and other educational organizations. It sells standardized tests used by academically oriented post-secondary education institutions in its history tests,[65] by the Norton Anthology of English Literature The Norton Anthology of English Literature is an anthology of English literature published by the W. W. Norton & Company. It has gone through eight editions since its inception in 1962; it is the publisher's best-selling anthology, with some eight million copies in print. The influential critic and scholar of Romanticism, M.H. Abrams, served, and by the United States Naval Observatory The United States Naval Observatory is one of the oldest scientific agencies in the United States, with a primary mission to produce Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) for the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Department of Defense. Located in Northwest Washington, D.C., it is one of the few astronomical observatories located in an urban area; at the.[66] Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel History, formerly known as The History Channel, is an international satellite and cable TV channel that broadcasts programs regarding historical events and persons, as well as various occult, pseudoscientific, and paranormal phenomena—often with observations and explanations by noted historians, scholars, authors, esotericists, astrologers, and uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism The city of Jerusalem, located in modern-day Israel, is significant in a number of religious traditions, including Abrahamic religions Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which consider it a holy city.[67] In June 2006, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision that would have included the designations BCE and CE as part of state law, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of discretion at the local level.[68][69][70]
Communist Eastern Germany used v. u. Z. (vor unserer Zeitrechnung, before our chronology) and u. Z. (unserer Zeitrechnung, of our chronology) instead of v. Chr. (vor Christus, before Christ) and n. Chr. (nach Christus/Christi Geburt, after Christ/the Nativity of Christ). The use of the terms still differs regionally and ideologically. In Hungary Hungary /ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Hungary (Magyar Köztársaság listen (help·info)), is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a, similarly to the Bulgarian case, i. e. (időszámításunk előtt, before our era) and i. sz. (időszámításunk szerint, according to our era) are still widely used instead of traditional Kr. e. (Krisztus előtt, Before Christ) and Kr. u. (Krisztus után, After Christ), which were unofficially reinstituted after the Communist period. In Poland Poland /ˈpəʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of generally the only used term is naszej ery/przed naszą erą (of our era/before our era). The terms przed Chrystusem/po Chrystusie (before Christ/after Christ) are possible but nearly never used in contemporary Poland.
In Asia, the Chinese use the term "Common Era A Chinese era name is the era name, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers (see the conventions). Some emperors have several era names, one after another, where each beginning of a new era resets the numbering of the year back to year one or yuán (元). The (公元)".[not in citation given] [71][72] The Japanese use seireki (西暦), which translates to "Western Calendar". The Koreans use the word Seogi (서기, 西紀), which means "Western Era" for AD/CE and Kiwonjeon (기원전, 紀元前) which is an abbreviation of Seoryok Kiwonjeon (서력기원전, 西曆紀元前) which means "Before the Origin of the Western Calendar".
Rationale
A range of arguments has been presented for the adoption of the Common Era notation. The label Anno Domini is almost certainly inaccurate; "scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before A.D. 1, the historical evidence is too sketchy to allow a definitive dating."[73]
It is argued that the use of BCE/CE shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the one that originated with and is currently used by Christians Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament. Christianity comprises three major branches: Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy (which parted ways with Catholicism in 1054 A.D.) and Protestantism (which came into existence during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th, but who are not themselves Christian.[74] Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan Kofi Atta Annan is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize argued, "[T]he Christian calendar no longer belongs exclusively to Christians. People of all faiths have taken to using it simply as a matter of convenience. There is so much interaction between people of different faiths and cultures - different civilizations, if you like - that some shared way of reckoning time is a necessity. And so the Christian Era has become the Common Era."[75]
Grammar
The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which traditionally precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).[76] Thus, the current year is written as 2010 in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as 2010 CE, or as AD 2010), and the year that Socrates Socrates was a Classical Greek philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Many would claim that Plato's dialogues are the most died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with full stops (e.g., "BCE" or "C.E.").[77]
Opposition
Astrobiologist Duncan Steel argues that if one is going to replace BC/AD with BCE/CE then one should reject all aspects of the dating system (including time of day, days of the week and months of the year) as they all have origins related to pagan, astrological, Jewish and Christian beliefs. Steel makes note of the consistency of the Quaker system Some branches of the Religious Society of Friends are known to the general public today for testifying to their religious beliefs by refusing to participate in wars, and by social action, for instance on behalf of the environment and equal rights for all. In the past they were known for wearing particular clothing ; by using outdated modes of (now rarely used), which removed all such references, and rejects religious arguments against BC/AD as selective.[74][78]
Anthropologist Carol Delaney argues that the substitution of BC/AD to BCE/CE is merely a euphemism that conceals the political implications without modifying the actual source of contention.[79][80] English language expert Kenneth G. Wilson speculated in his style guide that "if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis."[76] In fact, the very short lived French Revolutionary Calendar did just that, making year one the first year of the revolution, and rejecting the seven day week (with its connections to Genesis) for a ten day week.
Raimon Panikkar claims that using the designation BCE/CE is a "return... to the most bigoted Christian colonialism" towards non-Christians who have not been sharing the era.[81]
Some critics assert that the use of identifiers which have common spellings is more ambiguous than the use of identifiers with divergent spellings. Both C.E. and B.C.E. have in common the letters "C.E.", which is more likely to cause confusion, they claim, than identifiers with clearly different spelling.[74]
Christian opposition
Because the BC/AD notation is based on the supposed year of the conception or birth of Jesus of Nazareth, the removal of reference to him in era notation is perceived by some Christians as offensive.[82] Some groups oppose the Common Era notation for explicitly religious reasons; for example, the Southern Baptist Convention supports retaining the BC/AD abbreviations as "a reminder of the preeminence of Christ and His gospel in world history".[83] The Southern Baptist Convention has criticized the use of BCE and CE as being the result of "secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness" and encourages its members to "retain the traditional method of dating and avoid this revisionism".[83]
Reaction
According to a Los Angeles Times report, it was a student's use of BCE/CE notation, inspired by its use within Wikipedia, which prompted the history teacher Andrew Schlafly to found Conservapedia, a cultural conservative wiki.[84] One of its "Conservapedia Commandments" is that users must always apply BC/AD notation, since its sponsors perceive BCE/CE notation to "deny the historical basis" of the dating system.[85]
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Astronomical Almanac -- Online. (2009). United States Naval Observatory. s.v. calendar, Gregorian in Glossary.
- ^ Doggett, L. E. (1992). "Calendars". in P. K. Seidelmann. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito, California: University Science Books. p. 581. ISBN 0-935702-68-7. "The Gregorian calendar today serves as an international standard for civil use....Years are counted from the initial epoch defined by Dionysius Exiguus"
- ^ Two separate systems that also do not use religious titles, the astronomical system and the ISO 8601 standard do use a year zero. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires usage of the Gregorian calendar for all dates, however; whereas astronomical dating and Common Era dating allow usage of the Julian calendar for dates before 1582 CE.
- ^ Dictionaries: Common Era and Christian Era used interchangeably
- "Common Era". Collins Dictionary of the English Language. London & Glasgow: Collins. 1980. ISBN 0 00 433080-3. "Com+mon E•ra n. another name for Christian Era.".
- "Common Era". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. http://merriam-webster.com/dictionary/common%20era. Retrieved 13 December 2007. "Main Entry: Common Era – Function: noun – Date: 1846 – : christian era".
- ""Common Era"". Dictionary.com The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. (2004). Houghton Mifflin. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Common%20Era. Retrieved 9 September 2007. "Com•mon Era – n. Abbr. C.E. – The period coinciding with the Christian era."
- ""Common Era"". Dictionary.com Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House. 2006. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Common%20Era. Retrieved 9 September 2007. "Common Era – –noun Christian Era."
- ""common era"". Dictionary.com WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. 2006. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/common%20era. Retrieved 9 September 2007. "common era – adverb – 1. of the period coinciding with the Christian era; preferred by some writers who are not Christians; 'in 200 CE' [syn: CE] — noun – 1. the time period beginning with the supposed year of Christ's birth [syn: Christian era]"
- ^ Sources supporting interchangeabilty with Current Era
- wiseGEEK (2007). "What is the Difference Between the Western, Islamic, and Jewish calendars?". http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-the-western-islamic-and-jewish-calendars.htm. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
- BBC Team (8 February 2005). "History of Judaism 63BCE-1086CE". BBC Religion & Ethics. British Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/history_2.shtml. Retrieved 8 September 2007. "Year 1: CE – What is nowadays called the 'Current Era' traditionally begins with the birth of a Jewish teacher called Jesus. His followers came to believe he was the promised Messiah and later split away from Judaism to found Christianity"
- ^ Dictionaries: CE
- ""CE"". Dictionary.com The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin. 2002. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/CE. Retrieved 9 September 2007. "CE – Abbreviation for Common Era."
- "CE". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. http://merriam-webster.com/dictionary/CE. Retrieved 13 December 2007. "Main Entry: CE – Function: abbreviation – 3 Christian Era —often punctuated; Common Era —often punctuated".
- "C.E.". Collins Dictionary of the English Language. London & Glasgow: Collins. 1980. ISBN 0 00 433080-3. "C.E. 5. Common Era.".
- ""C.E."". Dictionary.com American Heritage Abbreviations Dictionary, Third Edition.. Houghton Mifflin. 2005. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/C.E.. Retrieved 9 September 2007. "C.E. – 4. Common Era"
- ""C.E."". Dictionary.com Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House. 2006. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/C.E.. Retrieved 9 September 2007. "C.E. – 5. common era."
- "ce" ""c.e."". Dictionary.com WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. 2006. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/c.e.. Retrieved 9 September 2007. "ce, c.e. – adverb – 1. of the period coinciding with the Christian era; preferred by some writers who are not Christians; 'in 200 CE' [syn: CE]" – WP editorial note: the source does not mention any suffix like "[syn: CE]" for entry "ce" as shown for entry "c.e.".
- ^ Oxford Pocket Dictionary and Thesaurus. (American edition) (1997). New York: Oxford University Press. s.v. A.D.
- ^ Dictionaries: BCE
- ""BCE"". Dictionary.com The American Heritage Science Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin. 2002. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/BCE. Retrieved 11 September 2007. "BCE – Abbreviation for before the Common Era."
- "BCE". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. http://mw1.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/BCE. Retrieved 9 September 2007. "Main Entry: BCE – Function: abbreviation – 3 before the Christian Era —often punctuated; before the Common Era —often punctuated".
- "B.C.E.". Collins Dictionary of the English Language. London & Glasgow: Collins. 1980. ISBN 0 00 433080-3. "B.C.E. abbrev. for Before Common Era (used, esp. by non-Christians, in numbering years B.C.)".
- ""B.C.E."". Dictionary.com American Heritage Abbreviations Dictionary, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 2005. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/B.C.E.. Retrieved 11 September 2007. "B.C.E. – Before the Common Era"
- ""B.C.E."". Dictionary.com The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. (2005). Houghton Mifflin. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/B.C.E.. Retrieved 11 September 2007. "B.C.E. – An abbreviation sometimes used in place of b.c. It means 'before the Common Era.' – [Chapter:] Conventions of Written English"
- ""B.C.E."". Dictionary.com Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House. 2006. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/B.C.E.. Retrieved 11 September 2007. "B.C.E. – 4. before (the) Common (or Christian) Era."
- "bce" ""b.c.e."". Dictionary.com WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. 2006. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/b.c.e.. Retrieved 11 September 2007. "bce, b.c.e. – adverb – of the period before the Common Era; preferred by some writers who are not Christians; "in 200 BCE" [syn: BCE]" – WP editorial note: the source does not mention any suffix like "[syn: BCE]" for entry "bce" as shown for entry "b.c.e.".
- ^ a b "Earliest-found use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1615)". http://worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/62188677. Retrieved 8 May 2010. Johannes Kepler (1615) (in Latin). Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N. Iesu Christi, anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo 33., 4. belli Iudaici, quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque Vetus Testamentum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum.. Francofurti : Tampach. "anno aerae nostrae vulgaris"
- ^ a b Irvin, Dale T.; Sunquist, Scott (2001). History of the World Christian Movement. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. xi. ISBN 0567088669. http://books.google.com/?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PR11&dq=before+%22common+era%22+christian. Retrieved 8 May 2010. "The influence of western culture and scholarship upon the rest of the world in turn led to this system of dating becoming the most widely used one across the globe today. Many scholars in historical and religious studies in the West in recent years have sought to lessen the explicitly Christian meaning of this system without abandoning the usefulness of a single, common, global form of dating. For this reason the terms common era and before the common era, abbreviated as CE and BCE, have grown in popularity as designations. The terms are meant, in deference to non-Christians, to soften the explicit theological claims made by the older Latin terminology, while at the same time providing continuity with earlier generations of mostly western Christian historical research."
- ^ Corrywright, Dominic; Morgan, Peggy (2006-07). Get Set for Religious Studies. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748620326. http://books.google.com/?id=-VLt0uQrzXMC&pg=PA18&dq=before+common+era+christian+non-christian. Retrieved 11 January 2008. Corrywright, Dominic; Morgan, Peggy (2006). Get Set for Religious Studies. Edinburgh University Press. p. 18. ISBN 074862032X. "Also note where AD (from the Latin 'in the year of our Lord') and BC (before Christ) are used in datings, for although the numerical calculation of this system is now the international convention, the terminology used in religious studies is CE (common era) and BCE (before the common era), which are more neutrally descriptive terms"
- ^ Andrew Herrmann (27 May 2006). "BCE date designation called more sensitive". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 2008-10-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20071012132841/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20060527/ai_n16436633. Retrieved 15 June 2007. "Herrmann observes, "The changes — showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks — have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity." However, Herrmann notes, "The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians" .
- ^ Anno Domini (which means in the year of the/our Lord)"Anno Domini". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Anno%20Domini. Retrieved 4 February 2008. "Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord". Translated as "in the year of (Our) Lord" in Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford University Press, 782.
- ^ "Historical background of the use of "CE" and "BCE" to identify dates". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. http://www.religioustolerance.org/ce_info1.htm#wce. "According to David Barrett et al., editors of the "World Christian Encyclopedia: A comparative survey of churches and religions - AD 30 to 2200," there are 19 major world religions which are subdivided into a total of 270 large religious groups, and many smaller ones. The vast majority do not recognize Yeshua of Nazareth as either God or Messiah. Expecting followers of other religions to imply this status for Yeshua can create ill feeling."
- ^ Heustis, Reer R, Jr. (9 September 2007). "Common Era and the culture war". RenewAmerica. http://www.renewamerica.us/columns/heustis/070909. "referred to as Year of our Lord, which is an unmistakable reference to the Lord Jesus Christ....Not every person believes that Jesus is the Lord, they argue, and therefore, he should not have to acknowledge Christ's Lordship...Make no mistake about it: Jesus Christ is not only the Lord of Christians — He is also the Lord of all."
- ^ http://ayfs.wordpress.com/2010/03/11/outstanding-texas-textbooks-will-say-bc-and-ad-instead-of-bce-and-ce-stands-up-against-political-correctness
- ^ http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-531644-ad-and-bc-become-cebce.do
- ^ http://www.helium.com/items/425866-teaching-history-why-use-bce-and-ce-instead-of-bc-and-ad
- ^ http://www.religioustolerance.org/ceintro.htm
- ^ a b Pedersen, O. (1983). "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church". in Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.). The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar. Vatican Observatory. p. 50. http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&letter=.&db_key=PRE&page_ind=66&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ Doggett, L.E., (1992), "Calendars" in Seidelmann, P.K., The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, p. 579.
- ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0802837816. http://books.google.com/?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&pg=PA686&dq=jesus+birth+year+before. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
- ^ Pedersen, O., (1983), "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" in Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.) The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar, Vatican Observatory, p. 52.
- ^ Bede wrote of the Incarnation of Jesus, but treated it as synonymous with birth. Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford University Press, 778.
- ^ As noted in Zero#History of zero, the use of zero in Western civilization was uncommon before the 12th century.
- ^ a b "General Chronology". New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol III. Robert Appleton Company, New York. 1908. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ It is relatively recently the word vulgar has come to mean "crudely indecent"
- ^ In Latin, Common Era is written as Vulgaris Aerae. It also occasionally appears as æræ vulgaris, aerae vulgaris, aeram vulgarem, anni vulgaris, vulgaris aerae Christianae, and anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas.
- ^ Kepler, Johann (1616). Second use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1616). Plancus. http://books.google.com/?id=42hmOQAACAAJ&dq=%22vulgaris+aerae%22&cd=5. Retrieved 3 May 2010. Kepler, Johann (1616). Ephemerides novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et tabulis Rudolphinis.... Plancus.
- ^ Kepler, Johannes; Fabricus, David (1617). Third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617). sumptibus authoris, excudebat Iohannes Plancus. http://books.google.com/?id=3tBvPgAACAAJ&dq=anno+vulgaris+aerae&cd=3. Retrieved 3 May 2010. Johannes Kepler, Jakob Bartsch (1617). Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI].... Johannes Plancus. "Part 3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa annos à M.DC.XXIX. in M.DC.XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii ... Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris, anno M.DC.XXX."
- Translation of title (per 1635 English edition): New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636
- ^ Kepler, Johann; Vlacq, Adriaan (1635). Earliest so-far-found use of vulgar era in English (1635). http://books.google.com/?id=TIl2GwAACAAJ&dq=%22vulgar+era%22. Retrieved 18 December 2007. Johann Kepler, Adriaan Vlacq (1635). Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633....
- ^ Clerc, Jean Le (1701). vulgar era in English (1701). http://books.google.com/?id=jakGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5-IA4&dq=%22vulgar+era%22. Retrieved 14 December 2007. John LeClerc, ed (1701). The Harmony of the Evangelists. London: Sam Buckley. p. 5. "Before Christ according to the Vulgar AEra, 6"
- ^ Prideaux, Humphrey (1799 reprint). Prideaux use of "Vulgar Era" (1716). http://books.google.com/?id=1DQHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5&vq=vulgar&dq. Retrieved 14 December 2007. "reckoning it backward from the vulgar era of Christ's incarnation" Humphrey Prideaux, D.D. (1716) [from Oxford University Press]. The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations. 1. Edinburgh: D. Schaw & Co.. p. 1. "This happened in the seventh year after the building of Rome, and in the second year of the eighth Olympiad, which was the seven hundred forty-seventh year before Christ, i. e. before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."
- ^ Merriam Webster accepts the date of 1716, but does not give the source. "Merriam Webster Online entry for Vulgar Era". http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/vulgarera. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ ), Robert Walker (Rector of Shingham; Newton, Sir Isaac; Falconer, Thomas (1796) [from the University of Michigan]. "vulgar era of the nativity" (1796). T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies. http://books.google.com/?id=nK6IPj-Wk-kC&pg=PA10&dq=%22vulgar+era+of+the+NATIVITY%22. Retrieved 18 December 2007. Rev. Robert Walker, Isaac Newton, Thomas Falconer. Analysis of Researches Into the Origin and Progress of Historical Time, from the Creation to .... London: T. Cadell Jr. and W. Davies. p. 10. "Dionysius the Little brought the vulgar era of the nativity too low by four years."
- ^ "1584 Latin use of aerae christianae". http://worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/123471534. Retrieved 13 January 2008. Grynaeus, Johann Jacob; Beumler, Marcus (1584) (in Latin). De Eucharistica controuersia, capita doctrinae theologicae de quibus mandatu, illustrissimi principis ac domini, D. Iohannis Casimiri, Comites Palatini ad Rhenum, Ducis Bauariae, tutoris & administratoris Electoralis Palatinatus, octonis publicis disputationibus (quarum prima est habita 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584, Marco Beumlero respondente) praeses Iohannes Iacobus Grynaeus, orthodoxae fidei rationem interrogantibus placidè reddidit ; accessit eiusdem Iohannis Iacobi Grynaeus synopsis orationis, quam de disputationis euentu, congressione nona, quae indicit in 15 Aprilis, publicè habuit. (Microform) (Editio tertia ed.). Heidelbergae: Typis Iacobi Mylij. OCLC 123471534. "4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584"
- ^ "1649 use of æræ Christianæ in English book - 1st usage found in English". http://worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/18533017. Retrieved 13 January 2008. WING, Vincent (1649). Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... : calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borrough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland.. London: J.L. for the Company of Stationers. "anni æræ Christianæ, 1649"
- ^ first appearance of "Christian Era" in English (1652). http://www.google.com/products?q=Ephemeris+year+Christian+era+1652. Retrieved 3 May 2010. Sliter, Robert (1652). A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers.
- ^ first so-far-found use of common era in English (1708). Printed for H. Rhodes. 1708. http://books.google.com/?id=D_wvAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA515&dq=%22common+era%22&cd=2#v=onepage&q=%22common%20era%22. Retrieved 18 January 2010. The History of the Works of the Learned. 10. London. January 1708. p. 513.
- ^ Gregory, David; John Nicholson, John Morphew (1715). The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical. 1. London: printed for J. Nicholson, and sold by J. Morphew. p. 252. http://books.google.com/?id=ze8ehe65hwcC&pg=RA2-PA252&dq=%22Common+Era%22+%22before+chrift%22++chriftian+common+era. Retrieved 5 January 2008. "Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of Christ" Before Christ and Christian Era appear on the same page 252, while Vulgar Era appears on page 250
- ^ Sale, George; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). 1759 use of common æra. Printed for C. Bathurst. http://books.google.com/?id=tn0EAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA130&dq=%22Common+aEra%22+%22chrift%22. Retrieved 12 January 2008. Sale, George; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time By George Sale,. 13. London: C. Bathurst [etc.]. pp. 130. "at which time they fixed that for their common era" In this case, their refers to the Jews.
- ^ Von), Jakob Friedrich Bielfeld (Freiherr; Hooper, William (1770). First-so-far found English usage of "before the common era", with "vulgar era" synonymous with "common era" (1770). Printed by G. Scott, for J. Robson and B. Law. http://books.google.com/?id=gBETAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105&dq=%22Common+Era%22+%22vulgar+Era%22+date:1-1800. Retrieved 3 May 2010. Hooper, William; Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich (1770). The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres. 2. London: G. Scott, printer, for J Robson, bookseller in New-Bond Street, and B. Law in Ave-Mary Lane. p. 105, 63. "in the year of the world 3692, and 312 years before the vulgar era.... The Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before the common era (p63)"
- ^ MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "vulgar era" in 1797 EB. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 228 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Peter). http://books.google.com/?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA228&dq=%22vulgar+era%22. Retrieved 14 December 2007. "St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era" MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "common era" in 1797 EB. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 50 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Paul). http://books.google.com/?id=W3xMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA50&dq=%22common+era%22. Retrieved 14 December 2007. "This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, fome time after our Saviour's death." George Gleig, ed (1797). Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature (Third Edition in 18 volumes). Edinburgh. v. 14 pt. 1 P.
- ^ Alexander Campbell (1835). The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition. pp. 16–20. http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L4.HTM. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ Alexander Campbell (1835). The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition. pp. 15–16. http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/acampbell/tlo4/TLO400L3.HTM. Retrieved 12 December 2007.
- ^ Encyclopedia, Popular (1874). "common era of the Jews" (1874). http://books.google.com/?id=GMfyJ2PeD-cC&q=%22common+era+of+the+jews%22. Retrieved 12 December 2007. "the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760" A. Whitelaw, ed (1874). Conversations Lexicon. V. Oxford University Press. p. 207.
- ^ "common era of the Jews" (1858). Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt. 1858. http://books.google.com/?id=e6oCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA176&dq=%22common+era+of+the+jews%22. Retrieved 13 December 2007. "Hence the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618-5619, a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received chronology." Rev. Bourchier Wrey Savile, MA (1858). The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the Gentile, and the Church of God. London: Wertheim, Macintosh and Hunt. p. 176.
- ^ Gumpach, Johannes von (1856). "common era of the Mahometans" (1856). http://books.google.com/?id=4WEBAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22&q=%22common+era+of+the+Mahometans%22. Retrieved 13 December 2007. "Its epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of Mahomet." Johannes von Gumpach (1856). Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar. Oxford University. p. 4.
- ^ Jones, William (1801). "common era of the world" (1801). F. and C. Rivington. http://books.google.com/?id=bXIAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA354&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22. Retrieved 14 December 2007. Jones, William (1801). The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones. London: Rivington.
- ^ Alexander Fraser Tytler, HON (1854). "common era of the foundation of Rome" (1854). http://books.google.com/?id=6FKHIeUQ2J0C&pg=PA284&dq=%22common+era+of+the+foundation+of+rome%22. Retrieved 13 December 2007. Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee (1854). Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century. Boston: Fetridge and Company. p. 284.
- ^ Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1833). "common era of the Incarnation" (1833). A. & C. Black. http://books.google.com/?id=HKgMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA711&dq=%22common+era+of+the+incarnation%22. Retrieved 13 December 2007. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. V (9 ed.). New York: Henry G. Allen and Company. 1833. p. 711.
- ^ Todd, James Henthorn (1864). "common era" "of the Nativity" (1864). Hodges, Smith & co.. http://books.google.com/?id=um44AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22common+era+of+the+Nativity%22&q=%22common+era%22+%22of+the+Nativity%22. Retrieved 13 December 2007. "It should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and 493, a portion of the annals of Ulster being counted from the Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the Nativity of our Lord." James Henthorn Todd (1864). St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission. Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co, Publishers to the University. pp. 495, 496, 497.
- ^ "common era of the birth of Christ" (1812). printed by A.J. Valpy for T. Payne. 1812. http://books.google.com/?id=PGdCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR16&dq=%22common+era+of+the%22. Retrieved 14 December 2007. Heneage Elsley (1812). Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles (2nd edition) (2nd ed.). London: A. J. Valpy for T. Payne. xvi.
- ^ The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly. Raphall, Morris Jacob (1856). Search for era in this book.. Moss & Brother. http://books.google.com/?id=r7CbDH5hTe8C&pg=PA75&vq=era.
- ^ "Plymouth, England Tombstone inscriptions". Jewish Communities & Records. http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/susser/plymouthinscriptions.htm. Retrieved 4 May 2010. "Here is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth, Cornwall). who died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected." [19 Sivan 5585 AM is June 5, 1825. VE is likely an abbreviation for Vulgar Era.]
- ^ "What is Thelema?". http://www.thelema101.com/calendar. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ "Jewish Calendar: Numbering of Jewish Years". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/calendar.html#Years. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
- ^ a b Gormley, Michael (24 April 2005). "Use of B.C. and A.D. faces changing times". Houston Chronicle. p. A–13. http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl?id=2005_3864650. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use C.E. (current era) ... or B.C.E.; convert these expressions to A.D. and B.C." Society for Historical Archaeology (December 2006). "Style Guide". http://www.sha.org/publications/style_guide.htm#V-d. Retrieved 29 August 2007. . Whereas the American Anthropological Association style guide takes a different approach. American Anthropological Society (January 2003). "AAA Style Guide" (PDF). http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ Watchtower Library 2009, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
- ^ [1] [2] Also see, for example, comment "In this publication, instead of the traditional 'AD' and 'BC', the more accurate 'CE' (Common Era) and 'BCE' (before the Common Era) are used." in The Bible — God's Word or Man's?, p. 16 footnote, published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
- ^ Smithsonian Institution. "World History Standards". Smithsonian Education. http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/field_trips/standards/world_history_standards.html. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
- ^ "Submission Guidelines for The Ostracon". The Ostracon — Journal of the Egyptian Studies Society. http://www.egyptstudy.org/ostracon/guidelines.html. Retrieved 9 September 2006. "For dates, please use the now-standard "BCE-CE" notation, rather than "BC-AD." Authors with strong religious preferences may use "BC-AD," however.". - "Contributor Guidelines" (pdf). The Pomegranate: the International Journal of Pagan Studies. http://equinoxjournals.com/ojs/equinoxdownloads/authors/pomguide.pdf. Retrieved 3 October 2008. "All dates should be in the format BCE/CE, unless in quoted material.". – Scholar search - "Author Guidelines". American Journal of Philology. http://www.press.jhu.edu/journals/american_journal_of_philology/guidelines.html. Retrieved 10 August 2007. "Eras and dates. The journal prefers B.C.E., C.E.". - "Manuscript Submission Guidelines". Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. http://www.sagepub.com/journalManuscript.aspx?pid=10754. Retrieved 10 August 2007. "we prefer BCE, CE". - "Style Guide" (DOC). Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies. http://www.yorku.ca/topia/docs/styleguide. Retrieved 10 August 2007. "Please use BCE (Before Current Era) and CE (Current Era) rather than B.C. and A.D.".
- ^ "Maryland Church News Submission Guide & Style Manual" (PDF). Maryland Church News. 1 April 2005. http://www.ang-md.org/mcn/style_guide.pdf. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
- ^ "AP: World History". http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/history_world/topic.html?worldhist. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
- ^ "Introduction to Calendars". U. S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications Department. 15 October 2004. http://aa.usno.navy.mil/faq/docs/calendars.php. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
- ^ "Jerusalem Timeline". History Channel. http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=50287&display_order=3&mini_id=1051. Retrieved 9 September 2006. ;"Jerusalem: Biographies". History Channel. http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=992&display_order=2&mini_id=1051. Retrieved 9 September 2006.
- ^ "State School Board reverses itself on B.C./A.D. controversy". Family Foundation of Kentucky. http://www.tffky.org/articles/Press%20Releases/prs%2006-14-06%20MC.html. Retrieved 4 October 2006.
- ^ Joe Biesk (15 June 2006). "School board keeps traditional historic designations". Louisville Courier-Journal. http://www.kctcs.edu/todaysnews/index.cfm?tn_date=2006-06-16#5119. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ "Kentucky Board of Education Report" (PDF). Kentucky Board of Education Report. 10 June 2006. http://cpe.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/5F08162C-899F-47FE-9367-1DDD82DE74E6/0/6_CommissionerofEdReport.pdf. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
- ^ China Internet Information Center. Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference: Process of Founding and Key Achievements in History. National People's Congress. Retrieved on: 12 June 2010.
- ^ UCLA Center for East Asian Studies. "Calendar Conversion Help." China Via the Web. Retrieved on: 2010-06-12.
- ^ Doggett, L. (1992). "Calendars". in P. Kenneth Seidelmann. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books. p. 579. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
- ^ a b c "Comments on the use of CE and BCE to identify dates in history". ReligiousTolerance.com. http://www.religioustolerance.org/ceintro.htm. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
- ^ Annan, Kofi A., (then Secretary-General of the United Nations) (28 June 1999). "Common values for a common era: Even as we cherish our diversity, we need to discover our shared values". Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congress. http://www.un.org/News/ossg/sg/stories/articleFull.asp?TID=37. Retrieved 21 December 2007.
- ^ a b Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English – A.D., B.C., (A.)C.E., B.C.E.. Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231069892. http://books.google.com/?id=L2ChiO2yEZ0C&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=%22The+Columbia+Guide+to+Standard+American+English%22+BCE&q. Retrieved 8 May 2010. "A.D. appears either before or after the number of the year... although conservative use has long preferred before only; B.C. always follows the number of the year.... Common era (C.E.) itself needs a good deal of further justification, in view of its clearly Christian numbering. Most conservatives still prefer A.D. and B.C. Best advice: don’t use B.C.E., C.E., or A.C.E. to replace B.C. and A.D. without translating the new terms for the very large number of readers who will not understand them. Note too that if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis."
- ^ "Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition". University of Chicago Press. 15th ed.: 2003. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about15_rules.html. Retrieved 12 September 2007. "Certain abbreviations traditionally set in small caps are now in full caps (AD, BCE, and the like), with small caps an option."
- ^ Steel, Duncan (1999). Marking time: the epic quest to invent the perfect calendar. John Wiley and Sons. p. 111. ISBN 9780471298274. http://books.google.com/?id=fsni_qV-FJoC&pg=PA111#v=onepage&q=. Retrieved 26 August 2009
- ^ Delaney, Carol Lowery (2004). Investigating Culture: An Experiential Introduction to Anthropology. Blackwell Publishing. p. 86. ISBN 0631222375. http://books.google.com/?id=ETOrkt7DeN0C&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=common+era+euphemism. Retrieved 19 September 2007. "I find CE a euphemism because the common era still begins with Christ's birth and,thus, conceals the political implications."
- ^ Carol Lowery Delaney (1998). Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth. Princeton University Press. p. 267. ISBN 0691070504. http://books.google.com/?id=x8woAhT3jKAC&pg=PA267&dq=%22common+era%22+euphemism.
- ^ Panikkar, Raimon (2004). Christophany: The Fullness of Man. Maryville, NY: Orbis Books. p. 173. "Here is an example of the incarnation's historical-sociological implications among those who feel themselves furthest from Christianity. In certain North American academic circles one can see a return-with repercussions elsewhere-to the most bigoted Christian colonialism, along with the good intention of overcoming it. It has been suggested that the terminology of the Western calendar, Christian in origin, be replaced by one that presumably would be neutral and universal. It is understandable that some would protest the use of A.D. (anno Domini), but by eliminating B.C. (before Christ) and substituting B.C.E. (Before the Common Era) scholars betray the depths of the cultural impact of the historico-Christian event. After all, Jesus was not born in the year 1. We select a single event but without any value judgment. To call our age "the Common Era," even though for the Jews, the Chinese, the Tamil, the Muslims, and many others it is not a common era, constitutes the acme of colonialism."
- ^ Whitney, Susan (2 December 2006). "Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'". The Deseret News. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20061202/ai_n16891064. Retrieved 13 December 2007. "I find this attempt to restructure history offensive," Lori Weintz wrote, in a letter to National Geographic publishers.... The forward to your book says B.C. and A.D. were removed so as to 'not impose the standards of one culture on others.'... It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication. Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact."
- ^ a b "On Retaining The Traditional Method Of Calendar Dating (B.C./A.D.)". Southern Baptist Convention. June 2000. http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/amResolution.asp?ID=298. Retrieved 8 May 2010. "This practice [of BCE/CE] is the result of the secularization, anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness pervasive in our society... retention [of BC/AD] is a reminder to those in this secular age of the importance of Christ’s life and mission and emphasizes to all that history is ultimately His Story."
- ^ Simon, Stephanie (22 June 2007). "A conservative's answer to Wikipedia". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/19/nation/na-schlafly19.
- ^ Conservapedia Commandments at Conservapedia
External links
- Whatever happened to B.C. and A.D., and why? (United Church of Christ)
- Robert R. Cargill, Why Christians Should Adopt the BCE/CE Dating System (English)
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Categories: Calendar eras | Chronology
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Thu, 15 Jul 2010 08:38:13 GMT+00:00
Israel 21C A tiny clay fragment dating from the 14th century BCE is the oldest written document ever found in Jerusalem, say researchers at the Hebrew University (HU) ...
475px x 620px | 26.10kB
[source page]
Rome after the Victory of Octavian at Actium 25 BCE Map of 25 BCE soon after the end of Ptolemaic Egypt s empire Tony Belmonte s original from URL http plato acadiau ca courses clas
Jonathan Rubin
Sun, 13 Jun 2010 21:06:00 GM
Kids these days (circa 40 . b.c.e.. ). It is among the many blessings of getting older: hating the next generation. They are too selfish, disrespectful, loud and out of control. They are unfit to lead or follow. ...
Q. What was the Principle Difference?
Asked by PoolShark - Tue Feb 9 03:15:12 2010 - - 1 Answers - 0 Comments
A. the aryans originated in india not europe
Answered by Think4UrSelf - Tue Feb 9 03:23:26 2010
